📘 一、动词时态（Verb Tenses）
英语常用的时态主要有三大类，每类又分四种，共 12种常见时态。
✅ 一般时态（表示习惯、事实等）
| 时态 | 结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 主语 + 动词原形 / +s | She plays tennis every Sunday. |
| 一般过去时 | 主语 + 动词过去式 | He went to school yesterday. |
| 一般将来时 | 主语 + will + 动词原形 | I will go shopping tomorrow. |
✅ 进行时态（表示正在进行）
| 时态 | 结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are + doing | They are studying English. |
| 过去进行时 | was/were + doing | I was reading when she came in. |
| 将来进行时 | will be + doing | This time tomorrow, I will be flying. |
✅ 完成时态（强调已完成或对现在的影响）
| 时态 | 结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | have/has + done | He has eaten breakfast already. |
| 过去完成时 | had + done | She had left before I arrived. |
| 将来完成时 | will have + done | By 8 PM, we will have finished dinner. |
📗 二、虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）
表示 假设、不真实的情况、建议、愿望 等。
✅ 假设语气（If 引导）
| 类型 | 用法 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 与现在事实相反 | If + 主语 + 过去式 | If I were you, I wouldn’t do that. |
| 与过去事实相反 | If + 主语 + had + 过去分词 | If she had studied, she would have passed. |
| 与将来事实相反 | If + 主语 + should/do | If it should rain, we would cancel the trip. |
✅ 建议/命令/要求后的虚拟
| 动词/句型 | 后接从句动词原形 |
|---|---|
| suggest, insist, demand, require | I suggest that he go now. |
📙 三、非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）
动词形式却不作谓语，分为三种：
| 形式 | 用法 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 动词不定式（to do） | 表目的/结果/补语等 | I want to go home. |
| 动名词（doing） | 作主语/宾语/表语等 | Reading is interesting. |
| 过去分词（done） | 常作定语、被动语态等 | The cake made by mom is yummy. |
📕 四、感使动词（Causative Verbs）
表示“让某人做某事”或“让某事被做”。
| 动词 | 主动结构 | 被动结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| make | make sb do sth | sb be made to do sth | He made me cry. |
| let | let sb do sth | sb be let do sth | Let him go now. |
| have | have sb do sth | have sth done | I had the mechanic fix my car. |
📘 五、助动词：情态动词（Modal Verbs）
表达 情感、可能性、建议、义务 等。
| 情态动词 | 含义 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| can/could | 能力 / 可能性 | He can swim. / It could rain. |
| may/might | 请求 / 可能性 | May I come in? / It might snow. |
| must | 必须 / 推测 | You must wear a seatbelt. |
| should | 应该（建议） | You should sleep early. |
| will/would | 将来 / 委婉请求 | I will go. / Would you help me? |
📙 六、从句（Clauses）
从句是句子中的“子句”，常见三种：
✅ 名词性从句
| 作用 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| 作主语 | What he said is true. |
| 作宾语 | I know that he is right. |
| 作表语 | The fact is that he lied. |
✅ 定语从句（修饰名词）
| 示例句 |
|---|
| The girl who is singing is my sister. |
| The book that I bought is interesting. |
📗 七、状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）
修饰整个句子，表示 时间、原因、条件、结果等。
| 类型 | 连词 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, before, after | I’ll call you when I arrive. |
| 条件 | if, unless | If it rains, we’ll stay home. |
| 原因 | because, since | She left because she was tired. |
| 让步 | although, though, even if | Although he is rich, he is unhappy. |
| 结果 | so that, such that | He ran so fast that no one could catch him. |
📕 八、倒装句（Inversion）
为强调、文体变化而将部分句子结构颠倒顺序。
✅ 常见倒装结构
| 倒装词组 | 示例句 |
|---|---|
| Never | Never have I seen such beauty. |
| Hardly / Scarcely | Hardly had I arrived when he left. |
| Not only … but | Not only is he smart, but he’s also kind. |
📘 九、被动语态（Passive Voice）
表示动作的承受者是主语。
| 时态 | 结构 | 示例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + 过去分词 | The room is cleaned daily. |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + 过去分词 | The cake was eaten. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been + 过去分词 | The work has been done. |
📙 十、名词（Nouns）
表示人、事物、地方等。
✅ 名词的分类
| 类别 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 普通名词 | cat, book, city |
| 专有名词 | China, Tom |
| 集体名词 | team, family |
| 抽象名词 | love, happiness |
📗 十一、主谓一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）
主语和谓语在数上要一致（单复数一致）。
| 示例句 |
|---|
| He likes music.（主语是 he，动词加 s） |
| They like music.（主语是复数，不加 s） |
注意：主语是each / every / everyone / somebody等也用单数动词。
📘 十二、强调句（Cleft Sentences）
强调句式：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...
| 示例句 |
|---|
| It is Tom who broke the window. |
| It was yesterday that I met her. |
📕 十三、形容词和副词（Adjectives & Adverbs）
✅ 形容词：修饰名词
| 示例句 |
|---|
| She is a beautiful girl. |
| This is a difficult task. |
✅ 副词：修饰动词、形容词或句子
| 示例句 |
|---|
| He runs quickly. （修饰动词） |
| She is very smart.（修饰形容词） |
| Fortunately, he passed the exam.（修饰句子） |